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JOUR 1 - 8 h 40
Allocution de M. Jacques Brassard |
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Les changements importants et rapides qui surviennent présentement
sur le marché de l'énergie nécessitent
réflexion. Le portrait énergétique au
Québec a beaucoup changé depuis le début
des années 70. La province est passée d'une
forte prépondérance du pétrole à
l'électricité. Ce changement s'est fait grâce
aux initiatives gouvernementales et à la nationalisation
de l'électricité de 1962. Dans le passé,
les tarifs étaient élevés et variables
et le réseau n'était pas intégré.
En privilégiant, dans les années 70, le choix
de la filière hydroélectrique et du développement
d'Hydro-Québec, le Québec bénéficie
aujourd'hui de tarifs électriques bas et uniformes.
Hydro-Québec est parmi les plus importantes compagnies
de service public d'électricité au monde avec
son chiffre d'affaire approchant les 10 G$ et des actifs évalués
à environ 57 G$. Le choix de cette filière a
permis des gains environnementaux en réduisant, notamment,
les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L'hydro-électricité
a également assuré au Québec son développement
économique, la création de valeur ajoutée
et l'accès au marché nord-américain.
En 1996, il y a eu au Québec un débat public
sur la Politique Énergétique, qui a abouti en
1997 sur l'accès des tiers au réseau d'Hydro-Québec,
l'ouverture du marché de gros, la création de
la Régie de l'énergie, ainsi que de l'Agence
d'efficacité énergétique.
D'ici la fin de juin 2000, l'Assemblée Nationale du
Québec aura ratifié la nouvelle Loi de la Régie,
en apportant plusieurs modifications à la version précédente,
dont notamment la création d'un contrat patrimonial
fixant le coût moyen de fourniture de l'électricité
à 2,79 ¢/kWh applicable à un volume maximum
d'électricité de 165 TWh, l'établissement
d'un processus d'appel d'offres sous la surveillance de la
Régie pour fixer les coûts de la fourniture de
l'électricité autre que l'électricité
patrimoniale afin de favoriser plus de concurrence dans la
fourniture d'électricité, la responsabilité
de la Régie de surveiller les opérations et
d'approuver le plan d'approvisionnement d'Hydro-Québec
Distribution, la création d'un projet-pilote pour l'ouverture
du marché de détail pour les clients industriels
d'une capacité de plus de 5 MWh, et l'accroissement
de la fiabilité du réseau électrique.
La déréglementation du marché de l'électricité
ne signifie pas, d'une part, désengagement gouvernemental
ou, d'autre part, développement débridé.
Le rôle du gouvernement tient dans la recherche de l'équité
entre les groupes impliqués dans ce processus.
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JOUR
1 - 11 h 00 SESSION A
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT
INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Introducing regulation of government-owned monopolies |
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Speakers : Ms. Judi Johansen
Ms. Marie-José Nadeau
Mr. Jacques-André Troesch
Mr. Shyam Wadhera
Chair : Ms. Céline Bélanger
For the decade, regulation has gone through a patchwork of
changes, yet high-voltage transmission will always be a monopoly
in the United States. RTO will deal with a major issue, reliability,
and the process will have to be more transparent. The final
objective to reduce electricity prices will be achieved but
depending on each region, it could take some time.
Because of the reciprocity concept, vertically integrated
government owned monopolies are unbundling their generation,
transmission and distribution activities. In Quebec, monopolies
are not anachronisms, they could bring advantages to consumers,
but they should deliver the expected results in term of benefits,
low rates, quality of service and appropriate rate of return.
In India, the actual installed capacity is 98 000 MW and
the need for 2007 is 190 000 MW. The need for private investment
is essential and since 1992 the generation segment has been
opened up to private companies. Great efforts are made to
implement fair regulatory structures both at central and state
levels.
In France, a new regulatory body has been put in place and
it will have to develop regulatory regimes compatible with
the European approach and that will take into account the
particularity and the interests of the french energy market.
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JOUR
1 11 h 00 - SESSION B
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT
INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Regulation of privately-owned vertically-integrated monopoly
utilities |
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Speakers : Mr. Vidmantas Jankauskas
Mr. David Mann
Mr. Pedro Moraleda
Ms. Marsha H. Smith
Chair : Mr. David K. Owens
Deregulation can take a wide variety of shapes
In a situation where the energy sector is in development,
where the regulators are starting to regulate monopolies previously
owned and regulated by the government and where various countries
have decided to join in a common market, the regulators face
a big challenge. They have to build a common approach because
of the unbundling of the industry and the need to follow the
European Union Directive.
In a situation where a government monopoly is privatized but
remains an integrated utility, the need for a change of structure
is not a priority. An integrated utility must evolve to serve
its customers. Price stability, reliability and choice are
all possible within the utility. The utility could ask for
a PBR (performance based regulatory regime) from its regulator
so it can get flexibility, and as a means to mitigate risk.
The approach to unbundling should be done in a conservative
manner. From the point of view of a utility that evolved from
a state owned monopoly, then to a vertically-integrated utility
then to an unbundled utility, the more unbundled a utility
is, the less regulation is needed. The approach to unbundling
should proceed from an unbundling of accounts to the independence
of management but not all the way the separation of property.
Unbundling should take place when the sector has the same
growth rate than GDP (gross domestic product) and primary
energy. In order to promote investments, competition should
not come all at once, and legislation should not change continuously.
There are advantages to an environment where there is traditional
cost-based ratemaking. Regulators avoid extreme changes; they
average everything; smooth out earnings; allow cross subsidization
between generation transmission and distribution and between
customer classes.
Having competition in electricity implies price volatility
and less reliability. Will policy makers have the political
will to allow the market to work? If not, we may have the
worst of both, not enough market to work and not enough regulation
as a substitute. We must also ask ourselves other questions:
Is electricity a commodity like others? And what about the
customer side of the equation?
Regulation must change, regulators must redefine their roles.
They must remove indecision in order to define market driven
processes, for example by creating codes of conduct. No solution
is right for everyone, there is a need for flexibility. On
the other hand, utilities must listen to their customers.
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JOUR 1 - 11 h 00
- SESSION C
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
La régulation axée sur la restructuration des monopoles intégrés,
le dégroupement des services et la concurrence du marché de
gros et du marché de détail |
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Speakers : Ms. Vicky Bailey
Pr. Sergio Garribba
Dr. Kevin Kariuki
Mr. D. Patrick McNeil
Mr. Jose Luis San Pedro
Chair : Mr. Floyd Laughren
Les conférenciers ont cherché à mesurer
les effets des changements (restructuration, dégroupement
des services et concurrence du marché de gros et du
marché de détail) sur, à la fois, les
entreprises de service public et les organismes de réglementation.
Les changements ont été initiés par
les gouvernements et, à des degrés divers, ont
donné naissance à des structures mixtes dans
lesquelles un ou des secteurs ouverts à la concurrence
coexistent avec des secteurs réglementés.
Le point de départ pour la restructuration n'est pas
une " page blanche ". Les régulateurs doivent
fréquemment équilibrer la nécessité
d'une transition équitable d'un monopole intégré
avec la vision à long terme du fonctionnement d'un
marché concurrentiel.
Les régulateurs devraient encourager l'expression
des intérêts propres aux divers intervenants,
dans le cadre d'un processus transparent et équitable
avec pour finalité de laisser le marché fonctionner
là où c'est possible.
Dans l'ensemble, ces réformes ont débouché
sur des coûts moindres et un plus grand choix pour les
consommateurs.
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JOUR 1 - 12 h 30
- DÎNER CAUSERIE
Mr. Steven Moore |
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The sustained economic growth in US since 1982 is due to
Reagan's policies. These policies, which have been exported
all around the world, are tax rate reduction (which is a magnet
for imported capital), expansion of free trade and change
of the monetary policy to increase price stability.
These policies create an infinitely increasing economic growth
rate. The only limit is the growth rate of the workforce which
will be counterbalanced by the increasing productivity. The
sustainability of the productivity will be maintained by the
continuous flow of immigration in North America.
The crucial choices that have been made some twenty years
ago have been largely unsuccessful. They should be continued
in the years ahead for ensuring long term prosperity.
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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15-
DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 1
Policy-makers and regulation : motivations and objectives, providing
for independent regulation while retaining control
Les décideurs face à la régulation de l'énergie : motivations
et objectifs; favoriser l'indépendance du régulateur tout en
conservant un certain contrôle. |
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Speakers : Mr. Peter Budd
Mr. Eduardo Henrique Ellery Filho
Mr. Carlos Miranda Pacheco
Mr. Thomas G. Parry
Chair : Mr. Leon Jacobs
Le cadre législatif qui encadre les pouvoirs des régulateurs
est décidé par le gouvernement tout comme les
grandes orientations de politique énergétique.
Cela peut créer des tensions entre le gouvernement
et les régulateurs.
Les tensions peuvent parfois découler du double rôle
du gouvernement à la fois propriétaire des entreprises
réglementées de service public et architecte
de politiques ou du fait que le gouvernement se sert des régies
comme paravents afin d'extraire une rente des anciens monopoles.
Le régulateur doit tenir compte du contexte politique
au sens large du terme et de l'intérêt public
dans un processus équitable pour tous les intérêts
en jeu. Il doit être perçu comme indépendant,
crédible, neutre.
En tout temps, l'intérêt des consommateurs doit
être pris en compte dans l'établissement du cadre
réglementaire. Les agences de réglementation
doivent viser à réduire les tensions inhérentes
à l'expression de tous les intérêts en
cause. Entre autres, un juste équilibre doit être
trouvé entre les solutions pratiques à court
terme et des solutions stables et favorables dans une perspective
de long terme.
Un régulateur indépendant peut réduire
graduellement les formes d'interfinancement découlant
de considérations d'ordre politique et permettre qu'elles
soient remplacées par des formes plus transparentes
d'aide gouvernementale à divers groupes de bénéficiaires.
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JOUR 1 - 14 h
15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 2
Organizational models for regulatory institutions : practice
and experience |
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Speakers : Mr. Callum McCarthy
Mr. Gabor Szorenyi
Mr. Fernando Marti
Mr. David Wirick
Chair : Ms. Lorna Barr
First remarks :Mr. Leszek Juchniewicz
Regulatory decisions must not be personal but must reflects
broader views of various stakeholders and interests. Regulatory
bodies can assume their mission by developing central themes
like giving more choice to customers, promoting competition
where feasible regulating monopoly segments of the industry
and favoring innovative solutions to reduce costs.
Within countries with less experience in market economy,
democracy and private investments, implementation of usual
regulatory practices may face some difficulties.
It is not easy to define how independent a utility regulator
can be : government should give guidance to regulators.
Nevertheless regulators have an important role in balancing
the interests of governments, utilities and consumers and
in some jurisdictions in serving as a watchdog for integration
of energy markets.
Regulatory bodies should also be involved in policy making
since regulation is a political process. Because of the
legislative interests in the utility issues, economic development,
a mission once thought to be outside the purview of regulatory
commissions, is becoming an increasingly important mission.
Newer methods of regulation in U.S. include regulation by
information and regulation by negociation in search of win-win
solutions. In emerging countries a fair regulatory process
is essential to secure private investments.
In this time of change, regulators must pledge their allegiance
to the protection and enhancement of the public interest
rather than to old regulatory methods.
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JOUR 1 - 14 h
15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 3
Countries at different levels of regulatory development |
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Speakers : Mr. El Habib Benessahraoui
Dr. Jean Constantinescu
Mr. Moses K. Zama
Ms. Mary Webster
Chair : Mr. Andrei Marcu
Regulation is a new activity in many countries and relates
to important issues: Is there one model of regulation that
fits all? Is the model dependant on culture or economical
development? What are the effects of elimination of cross
subsidies? What about rural electrification?
The introduction of the new regulatory systems entails
some problems like the juxtaposition of various legal systems,
the transition from a command system to a regulatory control
environment, the choice of a quasi-judicial or an administrative
regulatory body, etc.
Implementation of regulation often raises a huge challenge
to be faced in a very short period. African countries have
a low level of local saving and a very high investment risk.
Because of a lack of capital, they do not have any other
choice than foreign capital to which access is very difficult.
Foreign investors require earnings in proportion of the
risk. Moreover, the lack of competent human resources implies
important training programs.
In African countries, the limited electricity market size
(for example, 18% of Zambian population has electricity)
does not favor competition. In addition, the need to improve
quality of service raises costs for the investors. As a
result, electricity restructuring, based on privatization,
involves cost and rate increases. African countries where
the level of debt is high also have to find the necessary
funds for rural electrification in order not to penalize
it.
Restructuring also implies a change in mentalities and
in the state's role, from producer to regulator. However,
despite those barriers, many African countries have undertaken
energy restructuring. Zambia has implemented electricity
restructuring and the regulatory bodies mandate is to respect
the interests of consumers, to promote competition and private
sector investments, and to help environment protection.
The transition period needed to implement the new regulation
regime takes longer than expected, even in more developed
countries. That is the case for Eastern countries such as
Romania where the government wants to reach European Union
standards. Although the generation structure is well balanced
and the transmission system is strong, obsolete equipment,
lack of money and lack of experience could be barriers to
electricity restructuring. Nevertheless, competition and
regulation tools have been put in place in Romania. The
regulatory body is financed outside the state budget. Competition
is also implemented with a spot market. Although the average
electricity rate remains stable, cross subsidies were removed
which implies huge domestic rate increases.
For energy rich countries such as Mexico, efficiency of
the industry and free trade are the most important issues.
In Mexico, electricity is not as well deregulated as the
gas sector but natural gas reform will allow increased private
participation in electric power. The government has decided
to make use of abundant gas. The monopoly remains, gas use
increases, oil consumption is reduced and is to be kept
for transport. The objectives for energy restructuring are
to strengthen the energy sector to eliminate existing bottlenecks,
to improve the operations of state-owned energy companies
and to promote long term investments. Electricity restructuring
is not fully completed and must go further.
So, there is a number of regulation models depending on
level of economical development and culture.
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JOUR 1 - 14 h
15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 4
Supply-security and reliability issues in open-access network
industries |
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Speakers : Mr. Frank Clark
Mr. Michehl Gent
Mr. Philipp G. Harris
Mr. Pedro Mielgo
Chair : Mr. William M. Nugent
In Spain, to promote the objective of guaranteeing the
quality and reliability of the transmission networks, quality
indicators targets have been established and attained. The
market operator OMEL manages the day-ahead bidding procedure,
assures the settlement process and provides public information.
It is the system operator Red Electrica, who has the responsibility
to guarantee security, reliability and quality of supply
through the control of the generation-transmission system
and interconnectors.
At PJM, because of collaboration among participants, there
is now a higher degree of sophistication and a trend towards
real-time information. Also, the decision-making process
turns from internal to external. On an other hand, people
want to have access to a larger choice. PJM plans all nine
systems as if they were one integrated grid and the grid
remains an interactive process.
Dramatic changes taking place throughout the electricity
industry are placing the reliability of transmission grids
at increased risk. The increasing number of transactions
along with only voluntary compliance with industry reliability
rules has accelerated the number and seriousness of violations
of NERC rules. Industry consensus is that the best way to
set and enforce reliability rules for operating the transmission
grid in a restructured industry is through a self-regulatory
mechanism. NERC and a broad coalition of industry organizations
have proposed the creation of an Electric Reliability Organization
(ERO) in order to develop and enforce mandatory reliability
rules with FERC oversight.
In order to shape a developing commodity market for electricity,
it is inevitable that regulators will retain a significant
role. Also, the restructuring focus of states should be
bi-directional in order to include recognition of the scope
of real markets.
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JOUR 1 - 16 H
00 - ÉTUDE DE CAS
Rates of return in the context of light-handed regulation
and restructuring |
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Speakers : Mr. Peter Bradford
Ms. Leslie Galway
Mr. Rudy Riedl
Dr. Stephen F. Sherwin
Chair : Mr. Robert Normand
In an integrated capital market, one expects the allowed
ROE (return on equity) between U.S. and Canada to be very
similar. However, the current gap in allowed ROE renders
canadian pipelines an unattractive investment.
The gap is explained by the Bank of Canada's reduced interest
rate, methodological differences in computing the ROE and
the absence of comparable earnings test in the NEB's (National
Energy Board) evaluation of 1995.
However, it is part of the Canadian culture to have Crown
utilities which are less at risk and consequently provide
a lower tariff. Hence, it is more difficult to benchmark
Canadian utilities versus U.S. utilities.
The ROE for most Canadian utilities and pipelines is calculated
through a formula derived from an equity risk premium approach,
and tied to a forecasted long term Government of Canada
bond yield. This formula is no longer appropriate for the
pipeline and distribution industries, because it does not
take into consideration the critical business and financial
risks which have evolved since, such as the new competitive
marketplace, the changing capital market conditions and
the fundamental changes in long term governement bond yields.
It is still too early to generalize on light handed regulation.
Incentive or light handed regulation must be emphasized
to allow utilities to improve earnings and change corporate
behavior. We must develop an equitable ROE through negotiated
settlements, always keeping a necessary balance between
ratepayers and shareholders.
Light handed regulation will only become fully effective,
once the industry has an appropriate starting point with
a fair ROE.
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