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Québec - Ministère des Ressources naturelles
Canada
Hydro Québec
 
 
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Résumés des sessions

 

Jour 1 Jour 2 Jour 3

Aller au résumé JOUR 1 - 8 h 40
Allocution de M. Jacques Brassard
Aller au résumé JOUR 1 - 11 h 00 - SESSION A
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Introducing regulation of government-owned monopolies
Aller au résumé JOUR 1 - 11 h 00 - SESSION B
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Regulation of privately-owned vertically-integrated monopoly utilities
Aller au résumé JOUR 1 - 11 h 00 - SESSION C
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
La régulation axée sur la restructuration des monopoles intégrés, le dégroupement des services et la concurrence du marché de gros et du marché de détail
Aller au résumé JOUR 1 - 12 h 30 - DÎNER CAUSERIE
Mr. Steven Moore
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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15- DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 1
Policy-makers and regulation : motivations and objectives, providing for independent regulation while retaining control
Les décideurs face à la régulation de l'énergie : motivations et objectifs; favoriser l'indépendance du régulateur tout en conservant un certain contrôle.

Aller au résumé

JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 2
Organizational models for regulatory institutions : practice and experience

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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 3
Countries at different levels of regulatory development

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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 4
Supply-security and reliability issues in open-access network industries

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JOUR 1 - 16 H 00 - ÉTUDE DE CAS
Rates of return in the context of light-handed regulation and restructuring

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JOUR 1 - 8 h 40
Allocution de M. Jacques Brassard
 

Les changements importants et rapides qui surviennent présentement sur le marché de l'énergie nécessitent réflexion. Le portrait énergétique au Québec a beaucoup changé depuis le début des années 70. La province est passée d'une forte prépondérance du pétrole à l'électricité. Ce changement s'est fait grâce aux initiatives gouvernementales et à la nationalisation de l'électricité de 1962. Dans le passé, les tarifs étaient élevés et variables et le réseau n'était pas intégré. En privilégiant, dans les années 70, le choix de la filière hydroélectrique et du développement d'Hydro-Québec, le Québec bénéficie aujourd'hui de tarifs électriques bas et uniformes.

Hydro-Québec est parmi les plus importantes compagnies de service public d'électricité au monde avec son chiffre d'affaire approchant les 10 G$ et des actifs évalués à environ 57 G$. Le choix de cette filière a permis des gains environnementaux en réduisant, notamment, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L'hydro-électricité a également assuré au Québec son développement économique, la création de valeur ajoutée et l'accès au marché nord-américain.

En 1996, il y a eu au Québec un débat public sur la Politique Énergétique, qui a abouti en 1997 sur l'accès des tiers au réseau d'Hydro-Québec, l'ouverture du marché de gros, la création de la Régie de l'énergie, ainsi que de l'Agence d'efficacité énergétique.

D'ici la fin de juin 2000, l'Assemblée Nationale du Québec aura ratifié la nouvelle Loi de la Régie, en apportant plusieurs modifications à la version précédente, dont notamment la création d'un contrat patrimonial fixant le coût moyen de fourniture de l'électricité à 2,79 ¢/kWh applicable à un volume maximum d'électricité de 165 TWh, l'établissement d'un processus d'appel d'offres sous la surveillance de la Régie pour fixer les coûts de la fourniture de l'électricité autre que l'électricité patrimoniale afin de favoriser plus de concurrence dans la fourniture d'électricité, la responsabilité de la Régie de surveiller les opérations et d'approuver le plan d'approvisionnement d'Hydro-Québec Distribution, la création d'un projet-pilote pour l'ouverture du marché de détail pour les clients industriels d'une capacité de plus de 5 MWh, et l'accroissement de la fiabilité du réseau électrique.

La déréglementation du marché de l'électricité ne signifie pas, d'une part, désengagement gouvernemental ou, d'autre part, développement débridé. Le rôle du gouvernement tient dans la recherche de l'équité entre les groupes impliqués dans ce processus.

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JOUR 1 - 11 h 00 SESSION A
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Introducing regulation of government-owned monopolies
 

Speakers : Ms. Judi Johansen
Ms. Marie-José Nadeau
Mr. Jacques-André Troesch
Mr. Shyam Wadhera

Chair : Ms. Céline Bélanger

For the decade, regulation has gone through a patchwork of changes, yet high-voltage transmission will always be a monopoly in the United States. RTO will deal with a major issue, reliability, and the process will have to be more transparent. The final objective to reduce electricity prices will be achieved but depending on each region, it could take some time.

Because of the reciprocity concept, vertically integrated government owned monopolies are unbundling their generation, transmission and distribution activities. In Quebec, monopolies are not anachronisms, they could bring advantages to consumers, but they should deliver the expected results in term of benefits, low rates, quality of service and appropriate rate of return.

In India, the actual installed capacity is 98 000 MW and the need for 2007 is 190 000 MW. The need for private investment is essential and since 1992 the generation segment has been opened up to private companies. Great efforts are made to implement fair regulatory structures both at central and state levels.

In France, a new regulatory body has been put in place and it will have to develop regulatory regimes compatible with the European approach and that will take into account the particularity and the interests of the french energy market.

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JOUR 1 11 h 00 - SESSION B
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
Regulation of privately-owned vertically-integrated monopoly utilities
 

Speakers : Mr. Vidmantas Jankauskas
Mr. David Mann
Mr. Pedro Moraleda
Ms. Marsha H. Smith

Chair : Mr. David K. Owens

Deregulation can take a wide variety of shapes

In a situation where the energy sector is in development, where the regulators are starting to regulate monopolies previously owned and regulated by the government and where various countries have decided to join in a common market, the regulators face a big challenge. They have to build a common approach because of the unbundling of the industry and the need to follow the European Union Directive.

In a situation where a government monopoly is privatized but remains an integrated utility, the need for a change of structure is not a priority. An integrated utility must evolve to serve its customers. Price stability, reliability and choice are all possible within the utility. The utility could ask for a PBR (performance based regulatory regime) from its regulator so it can get flexibility, and as a means to mitigate risk.

The approach to unbundling should be done in a conservative manner. From the point of view of a utility that evolved from a state owned monopoly, then to a vertically-integrated utility then to an unbundled utility, the more unbundled a utility is, the less regulation is needed. The approach to unbundling should proceed from an unbundling of accounts to the independence of management but not all the way the separation of property. Unbundling should take place when the sector has the same growth rate than GDP (gross domestic product) and primary energy. In order to promote investments, competition should not come all at once, and legislation should not change continuously.

There are advantages to an environment where there is traditional cost-based ratemaking. Regulators avoid extreme changes; they average everything; smooth out earnings; allow cross subsidization between generation transmission and distribution and between customer classes.

Having competition in electricity implies price volatility and less reliability. Will policy makers have the political will to allow the market to work? If not, we may have the worst of both, not enough market to work and not enough regulation as a substitute. We must also ask ourselves other questions: Is electricity a commodity like others? And what about the customer side of the equation?

Regulation must change, regulators must redefine their roles. They must remove indecision in order to define market driven processes, for example by creating codes of conduct. No solution is right for everyone, there is a need for flexibility. On the other hand, utilities must listen to their customers.

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JOUR 1 - 11 h 00 - SESSION C
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
La régulation axée sur la restructuration des monopoles intégrés, le dégroupement des services et la concurrence du marché de gros et du marché de détail
 

Speakers : Ms. Vicky Bailey
Pr. Sergio Garribba
Dr. Kevin Kariuki
Mr. D. Patrick McNeil
Mr. Jose Luis San Pedro

Chair : Mr. Floyd Laughren

Les conférenciers ont cherché à mesurer les effets des changements (restructuration, dégroupement des services et concurrence du marché de gros et du marché de détail) sur, à la fois, les entreprises de service public et les organismes de réglementation.

Les changements ont été initiés par les gouvernements et, à des degrés divers, ont donné naissance à des structures mixtes dans lesquelles un ou des secteurs ouverts à la concurrence coexistent avec des secteurs réglementés.

Le point de départ pour la restructuration n'est pas une " page blanche ". Les régulateurs doivent fréquemment équilibrer la nécessité d'une transition équitable d'un monopole intégré avec la vision à long terme du fonctionnement d'un marché concurrentiel.

Les régulateurs devraient encourager l'expression des intérêts propres aux divers intervenants, dans le cadre d'un processus transparent et équitable avec pour finalité de laisser le marché fonctionner là où c'est possible.

Dans l'ensemble, ces réformes ont débouché sur des coûts moindres et un plus grand choix pour les consommateurs.

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JOUR 1 - 12 h 30 - DÎNER CAUSERIE
Mr. Steven Moore
 

The sustained economic growth in US since 1982 is due to Reagan's policies. These policies, which have been exported all around the world, are tax rate reduction (which is a magnet for imported capital), expansion of free trade and change of the monetary policy to increase price stability.

These policies create an infinitely increasing economic growth rate. The only limit is the growth rate of the workforce which will be counterbalanced by the increasing productivity. The sustainability of the productivity will be maintained by the continuous flow of immigration in North America.

The crucial choices that have been made some twenty years ago have been largely unsuccessful. They should be continued in the years ahead for ensuring long term prosperity.

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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15- DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 1
Policy-makers and regulation : motivations and objectives, providing for independent regulation while retaining control
Les décideurs face à la régulation de l'énergie : motivations et objectifs; favoriser l'indépendance du régulateur tout en conservant un certain contrôle.
 

Speakers : Mr. Peter Budd
Mr. Eduardo Henrique Ellery Filho
Mr. Carlos Miranda Pacheco
Mr. Thomas G. Parry

Chair : Mr. Leon Jacobs

Le cadre législatif qui encadre les pouvoirs des régulateurs est décidé par le gouvernement tout comme les grandes orientations de politique énergétique. Cela peut créer des tensions entre le gouvernement et les régulateurs.

Les tensions peuvent parfois découler du double rôle du gouvernement à la fois propriétaire des entreprises réglementées de service public et architecte de politiques ou du fait que le gouvernement se sert des régies comme paravents afin d'extraire une rente des anciens monopoles.

Le régulateur doit tenir compte du contexte politique au sens large du terme et de l'intérêt public dans un processus équitable pour tous les intérêts en jeu. Il doit être perçu comme indépendant, crédible, neutre.

En tout temps, l'intérêt des consommateurs doit être pris en compte dans l'établissement du cadre réglementaire. Les agences de réglementation doivent viser à réduire les tensions inhérentes à l'expression de tous les intérêts en cause. Entre autres, un juste équilibre doit être trouvé entre les solutions pratiques à court terme et des solutions stables et favorables dans une perspective de long terme.

Un régulateur indépendant peut réduire graduellement les formes d'interfinancement découlant de considérations d'ordre politique et permettre qu'elles soient remplacées par des formes plus transparentes d'aide gouvernementale à divers groupes de bénéficiaires.


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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 2
Organizational models for regulatory institutions : practice and experience
 

Speakers : Mr. Callum McCarthy
Mr. Gabor Szorenyi
Mr. Fernando Marti
Mr. David Wirick

Chair : Ms. Lorna Barr
First remarks :Mr. Leszek Juchniewicz

Regulatory decisions must not be personal but must reflects broader views of various stakeholders and interests. Regulatory bodies can assume their mission by developing central themes like giving more choice to customers, promoting competition where feasible regulating monopoly segments of the industry and favoring innovative solutions to reduce costs.

Within countries with less experience in market economy, democracy and private investments, implementation of usual regulatory practices may face some difficulties.

It is not easy to define how independent a utility regulator can be : government should give guidance to regulators. Nevertheless regulators have an important role in balancing the interests of governments, utilities and consumers and in some jurisdictions in serving as a watchdog for integration of energy markets.

Regulatory bodies should also be involved in policy making since regulation is a political process. Because of the legislative interests in the utility issues, economic development, a mission once thought to be outside the purview of regulatory commissions, is becoming an increasingly important mission. Newer methods of regulation in U.S. include regulation by information and regulation by negociation in search of win-win solutions. In emerging countries a fair regulatory process is essential to secure private investments.

In this time of change, regulators must pledge their allegiance to the protection and enhancement of the public interest rather than to old regulatory methods.


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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 3
Countries at different levels of regulatory development
 

Speakers : Mr. El Habib Benessahraoui
Dr. Jean Constantinescu
Mr. Moses K. Zama
Ms. Mary Webster

Chair : Mr. Andrei Marcu

Regulation is a new activity in many countries and relates to important issues: Is there one model of regulation that fits all? Is the model dependant on culture or economical development? What are the effects of elimination of cross subsidies? What about rural electrification?

The introduction of the new regulatory systems entails some problems like the juxtaposition of various legal systems, the transition from a command system to a regulatory control environment, the choice of a quasi-judicial or an administrative regulatory body, etc.

Implementation of regulation often raises a huge challenge to be faced in a very short period. African countries have a low level of local saving and a very high investment risk. Because of a lack of capital, they do not have any other choice than foreign capital to which access is very difficult. Foreign investors require earnings in proportion of the risk. Moreover, the lack of competent human resources implies important training programs.

In African countries, the limited electricity market size (for example, 18% of Zambian population has electricity) does not favor competition. In addition, the need to improve quality of service raises costs for the investors. As a result, electricity restructuring, based on privatization, involves cost and rate increases. African countries where the level of debt is high also have to find the necessary funds for rural electrification in order not to penalize it.

Restructuring also implies a change in mentalities and in the state's role, from producer to regulator. However, despite those barriers, many African countries have undertaken energy restructuring. Zambia has implemented electricity restructuring and the regulatory bodies mandate is to respect the interests of consumers, to promote competition and private sector investments, and to help environment protection.

The transition period needed to implement the new regulation regime takes longer than expected, even in more developed countries. That is the case for Eastern countries such as Romania where the government wants to reach European Union standards. Although the generation structure is well balanced and the transmission system is strong, obsolete equipment, lack of money and lack of experience could be barriers to electricity restructuring. Nevertheless, competition and regulation tools have been put in place in Romania. The regulatory body is financed outside the state budget. Competition is also implemented with a spot market. Although the average electricity rate remains stable, cross subsidies were removed which implies huge domestic rate increases.

For energy rich countries such as Mexico, efficiency of the industry and free trade are the most important issues. In Mexico, electricity is not as well deregulated as the gas sector but natural gas reform will allow increased private participation in electric power. The government has decided to make use of abundant gas. The monopoly remains, gas use increases, oil consumption is reduced and is to be kept for transport. The objectives for energy restructuring are to strengthen the energy sector to eliminate existing bottlenecks, to improve the operations of state-owned energy companies and to promote long term investments. Electricity restructuring is not fully completed and must go further.

So, there is a number of regulation models depending on level of economical development and culture.

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JOUR 1 - 14 h 15 - DISCUSSIONS SIMULTANÉES 4
Supply-security and reliability issues in open-access network industries
 

Speakers : Mr. Frank Clark
Mr. Michehl Gent
Mr. Philipp G. Harris
Mr. Pedro Mielgo

Chair : Mr. William M. Nugent

In Spain, to promote the objective of guaranteeing the quality and reliability of the transmission networks, quality indicators targets have been established and attained. The market operator OMEL manages the day-ahead bidding procedure, assures the settlement process and provides public information. It is the system operator Red Electrica, who has the responsibility to guarantee security, reliability and quality of supply through the control of the generation-transmission system and interconnectors.

At PJM, because of collaboration among participants, there is now a higher degree of sophistication and a trend towards real-time information. Also, the decision-making process turns from internal to external. On an other hand, people want to have access to a larger choice. PJM plans all nine systems as if they were one integrated grid and the grid remains an interactive process.

Dramatic changes taking place throughout the electricity industry are placing the reliability of transmission grids at increased risk. The increasing number of transactions along with only voluntary compliance with industry reliability rules has accelerated the number and seriousness of violations of NERC rules. Industry consensus is that the best way to set and enforce reliability rules for operating the transmission grid in a restructured industry is through a self-regulatory mechanism. NERC and a broad coalition of industry organizations have proposed the creation of an Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) in order to develop and enforce mandatory reliability rules with FERC oversight.

In order to shape a developing commodity market for electricity, it is inevitable that regulators will retain a significant role. Also, the restructuring focus of states should be bi-directional in order to include recognition of the scope of real markets.

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JOUR 1 - 16 H 00 - ÉTUDE DE CAS
Rates of return in the context of light-handed regulation and restructuring
 

Speakers : Mr. Peter Bradford
Ms. Leslie Galway
Mr. Rudy Riedl
Dr. Stephen F. Sherwin

Chair : Mr. Robert Normand

In an integrated capital market, one expects the allowed ROE (return on equity) between U.S. and Canada to be very similar. However, the current gap in allowed ROE renders canadian pipelines an unattractive investment.

The gap is explained by the Bank of Canada's reduced interest rate, methodological differences in computing the ROE and the absence of comparable earnings test in the NEB's (National Energy Board) evaluation of 1995.

However, it is part of the Canadian culture to have Crown utilities which are less at risk and consequently provide a lower tariff. Hence, it is more difficult to benchmark Canadian utilities versus U.S. utilities.

The ROE for most Canadian utilities and pipelines is calculated through a formula derived from an equity risk premium approach, and tied to a forecasted long term Government of Canada bond yield. This formula is no longer appropriate for the pipeline and distribution industries, because it does not take into consideration the critical business and financial risks which have evolved since, such as the new competitive marketplace, the changing capital market conditions and the fundamental changes in long term governement bond yields.

It is still too early to generalize on light handed regulation. Incentive or light handed regulation must be emphasized to allow utilities to improve earnings and change corporate behavior. We must develop an equitable ROE through negotiated settlements, always keeping a necessary balance between ratepayers and shareholders.

Light handed regulation will only become fully effective, once the industry has an appropriate starting point with a fair ROE.

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