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DAY 1 - 8 :40 A.M.
Allocution de M. Jacques Brassard |
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Les changements importants et rapides qui surviennent présentement
sur le marché de l'énergie nécessitent réflexion.
Le portrait énergétique au Québec a beaucoup
changé depuis le début des années 70. La province
est passée d'une forte prépondérance du pétrole
à l'électricité. Ce changement s'est fait grâce
aux initiatives gouvernementales et à la nationalisation
de l'électricité de 1962. Dans le passé, les
tarifs étaient élevés et variables et le réseau
n'était pas intégré. En privilégiant,
dans les années 70, le choix de la filière hydroélectrique
et du développement d'Hydro-Québec, le Québec
bénéficie aujourd'hui de tarifs électriques
bas et uniformes.
Hydro-Québec est parmi les plus importantes compagnies de
service public d'électricité au monde avec son chiffre
d'affaire approchant les 10 G$ et des actifs évalués
à environ 57 G$. Le choix de cette filière a permis
des gains environnementaux en réduisant, notamment, les émissions
de gaz à effet de serre. L'hydro-électricité
a également assuré au Québec son développement
économique, la création de valeur ajoutée et
l'accès au marché nord-américain.
En 1996, il y a eu au Québec un débat public sur
la Politique Énergétique, qui a abouti en 1997 sur
l'accès des tiers au réseau d'Hydro-Québec,
l'ouverture du marché de gros, la création de la Régie
de l'énergie, ainsi que de l'Agence d'efficacité énergétique.
D'ici la fin de juin 2000, l'Assemblée Nationale du Québec
aura ratifié la nouvelle Loi de la Régie, en apportant
plusieurs modifications à la version précédente,
dont notamment la création d'un contrat patrimonial fixant
le coût moyen de fourniture de l'électricité
à 2,79 ¢/kWh applicable à un volume maximum d'électricité
de 165 TWh, l'établissement d'un processus d'appel d'offres
sous la surveillance de la Régie pour fixer les coûts
de la fourniture de l'électricité autre que l'électricité
patrimoniale afin de favoriser plus de concurrence dans la fourniture
d'électricité, la responsabilité de la Régie
de surveiller les opérations et d'approuver le plan d'approvisionnement
d'Hydro-Québec Distribution, la création d'un projet-pilote
pour l'ouverture du marché de détail pour les clients
industriels d'une capacité de plus de 5 MWh, et l'accroissement
de la fiabilité du réseau électrique.
La déréglementation du marché de l'électricité
ne signifie pas, d'une part, désengagement gouvernemental
ou, d'autre part, développement débridé. Le
rôle du gouvernement tient dans la recherche de l'équité
entre les groupes impliqués dans ce processus.
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DAY
1 - 11 :00 A.M. - SESSION A
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY
STRUCTURES
Introducing regulation of government-owned monopolies |
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Speakers : Ms. Judi Johansen
Ms. Marie-José Nadeau
Mr. Jacques-André Troesch
Mr. Shyam Wadhera
Chair : Ms. Céline Bélanger
For the decade, regulation has gone through a patchwork of changes,
yet high-voltage transmission will always be a monopoly in the United
States. RTO will deal with a major issue, reliability, and the process
will have to be more transparent. The final objective to reduce
electricity prices will be achieved but depending on each region,
it could take some time.
Because of the reciprocity concept, vertically integrated government
owned monopolies are unbundling their generation, transmission and
distribution activities. In Quebec, monopolies are not anachronisms,
they could bring advantages to consumers, but they should deliver
the expected results in term of benefits, low rates, quality of
service and appropriate rate of return.
In India, the actual installed capacity is 98 000 MW and the need
for 2007 is 190 000 MW. The need for private investment is essential
and since 1992 the generation segment has been opened up to private
companies. Great efforts are made to implement fair regulatory structures
both at central and state levels.
In France, a new regulatory body has been put in place and it will
have to develop regulatory regimes compatible with the European
approach and that will take into account the particularity and the
interests of the french energy market.
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DAY
1 - 11 ;00 A.M.- SESSION B
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY
STRUCTURES
Regulation of privately-owned vertically-integrated monopoly utilities
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Speakers : Mr. Vidmantas Jankauskas
Mr. David Mann
Mr. Pedro Moraleda
Ms. Marsha H. Smith
Chair : Mr. David K. Owens
Deregulation can take a wide variety of shapes
In a situation where the energy sector is in development, where
the regulators are starting to regulate monopolies previously owned
and regulated by the government and where various countries have
decided to join in a common market, the regulators face a big challenge.
They have to build a common approach because of the unbundling of
the industry and the need to follow the European Union Directive.
In a situation where a government monopoly is privatized but remains
an integrated utility, the need for a change of structure is not
a priority. An integrated utility must evolve to serve its customers.
Price stability, reliability and choice are all possible within
the utility. The utility could ask for a PBR (performance based
regulatory regime) from its regulator so it can get flexibility,
and as a means to mitigate risk.
The approach to unbundling should be done in a conservative manner.
From the point of view of a utility that evolved from a state owned
monopoly, then to a vertically-integrated utility then to an unbundled
utility, the more unbundled a utility is, the less regulation is
needed. The approach to unbundling should proceed from an unbundling
of accounts to the independence of management but not all the way
the separation of property. Unbundling should take place when the
sector has the same growth rate than GDP (gross domestic product)
and primary energy. In order to promote investments, competition
should not come all at once, and legislation should not change continuously.
There are advantages to an environment where there is traditional
cost-based ratemaking. Regulators avoid extreme changes; they average
everything; smooth out earnings; allow cross subsidization between
generation transmission and distribution and between customer classes.
Having competition in electricity implies price volatility and
less reliability. Will policy makers have the political will to
allow the market to work? If not, we may have the worst of both,
not enough market to work and not enough regulation as a substitute.
We must also ask ourselves other questions: Is electricity a commodity
like others? And what about the customer side of the equation?
Regulation must change, regulators must redefine their roles. They
must remove indecision in order to define market driven processes,
for example by creating codes of conduct. No solution is right for
everyone, there is a need for flexibility. On the other hand, utilities
must listen to their customers.
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DAY 1 - 11 ;00 A.M.-
SESSION C
APPROACHES TO REGULATION OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRY STRUCTURES
La régulation axée sur la restructuration des monopoles intégrés,
le dégroupement des services et la concurrence du marché de gros et
du marché de détail |
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Speakers : Ms. Vicky Bailey
Pr. Sergio Garribba
Dr. Kevin Kariuki
Mr. D. Patrick McNeil
Mr. Jose Luis San Pedro
Chair : Mr. Floyd Laughren
Les conférenciers ont cherché à mesurer les
effets des changements (restructuration, dégroupement des
services et concurrence du marché de gros et du marché
de détail) sur, à la fois, les entreprises de service
public et les organismes de réglementation.
Les changements ont été initiés par les gouvernements
et, à des degrés divers, ont donné naissance
à des structures mixtes dans lesquelles un ou des secteurs
ouverts à la concurrence coexistent avec des secteurs réglementés.
Le point de départ pour la restructuration n'est pas une
" page blanche ". Les régulateurs doivent fréquemment
équilibrer la nécessité d'une transition équitable
d'un monopole intégré avec la vision à long
terme du fonctionnement d'un marché concurrentiel.
Les régulateurs devraient encourager l'expression des intérêts
propres aux divers intervenants, dans le cadre d'un processus transparent
et équitable avec pour finalité de laisser le marché
fonctionner là où c'est possible.
Dans l'ensemble, ces réformes ont débouché
sur des coûts moindres et un plus grand choix pour les consommateurs.
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DAY 1 - 12 :30 P.M. -
LUNCHEON ADDRESS
Mr. Steven Moore |
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The sustained economic growth in US since 1982 is due to Reagan's
policies. These policies, which have been exported all around the
world, are tax rate reduction (which is a magnet for imported capital),
expansion of free trade and change of the monetary policy to increase
price stability.
These policies create an infinitely increasing economic growth
rate. The only limit is the growth rate of the workforce which will
be counterbalanced by the increasing productivity. The sustainability
of the productivity will be maintained by the continuous flow of
immigration in North America.
The crucial choices that have been made some twenty years ago have
been largely unsuccessful. They should be continued in the years
ahead for ensuring long term prosperity.
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DAY 1 - 14 ;15 P.M. -
CONCURRENT PANELS 1
Policy-makers and regulation : motivations and objectives, providing
for independent regulation while retaining control
Les décideurs face à la régulation de l'énergie : motivations et objectifs;
favoriser l'indépendance du régulateur tout en conservant un certain
contrôle. |
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Speakers : Mr. Peter Budd
Mr. Eduardo Henrique Ellery Filho
Mr. Carlos Miranda Pacheco
Mr. Thomas G. Parry
Chair : Mr. Leon Jacobs
Le cadre législatif qui encadre les pouvoirs des régulateurs
est décidé par le gouvernement tout comme les grandes
orientations de politique énergétique. Cela peut créer
des tensions entre le gouvernement et les régulateurs.
Les tensions peuvent parfois découler du double rôle
du gouvernement à la fois propriétaire des entreprises
réglementées de service public et architecte de politiques
ou du fait que le gouvernement se sert des régies comme paravents
afin d'extraire une rente des anciens monopoles.
Le régulateur doit tenir compte du contexte politique au
sens large du terme et de l'intérêt public dans un
processus équitable pour tous les intérêts en
jeu. Il doit être perçu comme indépendant, crédible,
neutre.
En tout temps, l'intérêt des consommateurs doit être
pris en compte dans l'établissement du cadre réglementaire.
Les agences de réglementation doivent viser à réduire
les tensions inhérentes à l'expression de tous les
intérêts en cause. Entre autres, un juste équilibre
doit être trouvé entre les solutions pratiques à
court terme et des solutions stables et favorables dans une perspective
de long terme.
Un régulateur indépendant peut réduire graduellement
les formes d'interfinancement découlant de considérations
d'ordre politique et permettre qu'elles soient remplacées
par des formes plus transparentes d'aide gouvernementale à
divers groupes de bénéficiaires.
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DAY 1 - 14 :15 P.M.
- CONCURRENT PANELS 2
Organizational models for regulatory institutions : practice and
experience |
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Speakers : Mr. Callum McCarthy
Mr. Gabor Szorenyi
Mr. Fernando Marti
Mr. David Wirick
Chair : Ms. Lorna Barr
First remarks :Mr. Leszek Juchniewicz
Regulatory decisions must not be personal but must reflects broader
views of various stakeholders and interests. Regulatory bodies
can assume their mission by developing central themes like giving
more choice to customers, promoting competition where feasible
regulating monopoly segments of the industry and favoring innovative
solutions to reduce costs.
Within countries with less experience in market economy, democracy
and private investments, implementation of usual regulatory practices
may face some difficulties.
It is not easy to define how independent a utility regulator
can be : government should give guidance to regulators. Nevertheless
regulators have an important role in balancing the interests of
governments, utilities and consumers and in some jurisdictions
in serving as a watchdog for integration of energy markets.
Regulatory bodies should also be involved in policy making since
regulation is a political process. Because of the legislative
interests in the utility issues, economic development, a mission
once thought to be outside the purview of regulatory commissions,
is becoming an increasingly important mission. Newer methods of
regulation in U.S. include regulation by information and regulation
by negociation in search of win-win solutions. In emerging countries
a fair regulatory process is essential to secure private investments.
In this time of change, regulators must pledge their allegiance
to the protection and enhancement of the public interest rather
than to old regulatory methods.
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DAY 1 - 14 :15 P.M.
- CONCURRENT PANELS 3
Countries at different levels of regulatory development |
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Speakers : Mr. El Habib Benessahraoui
Dr. Jean Constantinescu
Mr. Moses K. Zama
Ms. Mary Webster
Chair : Mr. Andrei Marcu
Regulation is a new activity in many countries and relates to
important issues: Is there one model of regulation that fits all?
Is the model dependant on culture or economical development? What
are the effects of elimination of cross subsidies? What about
rural electrification?
The introduction of the new regulatory systems entails some problems
like the juxtaposition of various legal systems, the transition
from a command system to a regulatory control environment, the
choice of a quasi-judicial or an administrative regulatory body,
etc.
Implementation of regulation often raises a huge challenge to
be faced in a very short period. African countries have a low
level of local saving and a very high investment risk. Because
of a lack of capital, they do not have any other choice than foreign
capital to which access is very difficult. Foreign investors require
earnings in proportion of the risk. Moreover, the lack of competent
human resources implies important training programs.
In African countries, the limited electricity market size (for
example, 18% of Zambian population has electricity) does not favor
competition. In addition, the need to improve quality of service
raises costs for the investors. As a result, electricity restructuring,
based on privatization, involves cost and rate increases. African
countries where the level of debt is high also have to find the
necessary funds for rural electrification in order not to penalize
it.
Restructuring also implies a change in mentalities and in the
state's role, from producer to regulator. However, despite those
barriers, many African countries have undertaken energy restructuring.
Zambia has implemented electricity restructuring and the regulatory
bodies mandate is to respect the interests of consumers, to promote
competition and private sector investments, and to help environment
protection.
The transition period needed to implement the new regulation
regime takes longer than expected, even in more developed countries.
That is the case for Eastern countries such as Romania where the
government wants to reach European Union standards. Although the
generation structure is well balanced and the transmission system
is strong, obsolete equipment, lack of money and lack of experience
could be barriers to electricity restructuring. Nevertheless,
competition and regulation tools have been put in place in Romania.
The regulatory body is financed outside the state budget. Competition
is also implemented with a spot market. Although the average electricity
rate remains stable, cross subsidies were removed which implies
huge domestic rate increases.
For energy rich countries such as Mexico, efficiency of the industry
and free trade are the most important issues. In Mexico, electricity
is not as well deregulated as the gas sector but natural gas reform
will allow increased private participation in electric power.
The government has decided to make use of abundant gas. The monopoly
remains, gas use increases, oil consumption is reduced and is
to be kept for transport. The objectives for energy restructuring
are to strengthen the energy sector to eliminate existing bottlenecks,
to improve the operations of state-owned energy companies and
to promote long term investments. Electricity restructuring is
not fully completed and must go further.
So, there is a number of regulation models depending on level
of economical development and culture.
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DAY 1 - 14 :15 P.M.
- CONCURRENT PANELS 4
Supply-security and reliability issues in open-access network industries |
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Speakers : Mr. Frank Clark
Mr. Michehl Gent
Mr. Philipp G. Harris
Mr. Pedro Mielgo
Chair : Mr. William M. Nugent
In Spain, to promote the objective of guaranteeing the quality
and reliability of the transmission networks, quality indicators
targets have been established and attained. The market operator
OMEL manages the day-ahead bidding procedure, assures the settlement
process and provides public information. It is the system operator
Red Electrica, who has the responsibility to guarantee security,
reliability and quality of supply through the control of the generation-transmission
system and interconnectors.
At PJM, because of collaboration among participants, there is
now a higher degree of sophistication and a trend towards real-time
information. Also, the decision-making process turns from internal
to external. On an other hand, people want to have access to a
larger choice. PJM plans all nine systems as if they were one
integrated grid and the grid remains an interactive process.
Dramatic changes taking place throughout the electricity industry
are placing the reliability of transmission grids at increased
risk. The increasing number of transactions along with only voluntary
compliance with industry reliability rules has accelerated the
number and seriousness of violations of NERC rules. Industry consensus
is that the best way to set and enforce reliability rules for
operating the transmission grid in a restructured industry is
through a self-regulatory mechanism. NERC and a broad coalition
of industry organizations have proposed the creation of an Electric
Reliability Organization (ERO) in order to develop and enforce
mandatory reliability rules with FERC oversight.
In order to shape a developing commodity market for electricity,
it is inevitable that regulators will retain a significant role.
Also, the restructuring focus of states should be bi-directional
in order to include recognition of the scope of real markets.
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DAY 1 - 16 :00 P.M.
- CASE STUDY
Rates of return in the context of light-handed regulation and restructuring
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Speakers : Mr. Peter Bradford
Ms. Leslie Galway
Mr. Rudy Riedl
Dr. Stephen F. Sherwin
Chair : Mr. Robert Normand
In an integrated capital market, one expects the allowed ROE
(return on equity) between U.S. and Canada to be very similar.
However, the current gap in allowed ROE renders canadian pipelines
an unattractive investment.
The gap is explained by the Bank of Canada's reduced interest
rate, methodological differences in computing the ROE and the
absence of comparable earnings test in the NEB's (National Energy
Board) evaluation of 1995.
However, it is part of the Canadian culture to have Crown utilities
which are less at risk and consequently provide a lower tariff.
Hence, it is more difficult to benchmark Canadian utilities versus
U.S. utilities.
The ROE for most Canadian utilities and pipelines is calculated
through a formula derived from an equity risk premium approach,
and tied to a forecasted long term Government of Canada bond yield.
This formula is no longer appropriate for the pipeline and distribution
industries, because it does not take into consideration the critical
business and financial risks which have evolved since, such as
the new competitive marketplace, the changing capital market conditions
and the fundamental changes in long term governement bond yields.
It is still too early to generalize on light handed regulation.
Incentive or light handed regulation must be emphasized to allow
utilities to improve earnings and change corporate behavior. We
must develop an equitable ROE through negotiated settlements,
always keeping a necessary balance between ratepayers and shareholders.
Light handed regulation will only become fully effective, once
the industry has an appropriate starting point with a fair ROE.
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